Partic. vol. 37 pp. 143-153 (April 2018)
doi: 10.1016/j.partic.2017.09.006

Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM_2.5 and PM_2.5–10 in Trombay (Mumbai, India), a coastal industrial area

Sandeep Police^a,b, Sanjay Kumar Sahu^a,b, Mahesh Tiwari^a,b, Gauri Girish Pandit^a,b,*

ggp@barc.gov.in

Abstract

PM_2.5 and PM_2.5–10 concentrations, elemental constituents, and sources in a densely populated coastal industrial area (Trombay, Mumbai) were investigated in 2010 and 2011. The PM_2.5 and PM_2.5–10 concentrations were 13.50–71.60 and 22.40–127.78 μg/m³, respectively. The daily PM_2.5 concentrations exceeded the Indian Central Pollution Control Board limit (60 μg/m³) several days in winter. Of the elements analyzed, Si then Al had the highest concentrations in PM_2.5–10, but black carbon then Si had the highest concentrations in PM_2.5. The element concentrations varied widely by season. Al, Ca, Fe, Si, and Ti concentrations were highest in summer, Cl, Mg, and Na concentrations were highest in the monsoon season, and the other trace metal concentrations in both PM_2.5 and PM_2.5–10 were highest in winter. The PM_2.5 and PM_2.5–10 sources were apportioned by positive matrix factorization. PM_2.5 and PM_2.5–10 had six dominant sources, crustal material (8.7% and 25.3%, respectively), sea salt spray (6.1% and 15.0%, respectively), coal/biomass combustion (25.5% and 13.8%, respectively), fuel oil combustion (19.0% and 11.2%, respectively), road traffic (17.7% and 12.6%, respectively), and the metal industry (10.6% and 7.0%, respectively). Anthropogenic sources clearly contributed most to PM_2.5 but natural sources contributed most to PM_2.5–10.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Trombay; PM_2.5; PM_2.5–10; Black carbon; Metals; Positive matrix factorization