Partic. vol. 28 pp. 22-30 (October 2016)
doi: 10.1016/j.partic.2015.07.001

Real-world emission factors for Caterpillar 797B heavy haulers during mining operations

Xiaoliang Wang^{a, b, *}, Judith C. Chow^{a, b, c}, Steven D. Kohl^a, Kevin E. Percy^d, Allan H. Legge^e, John G. Watson^{a, b, c}

Xiaoliang.Wang@dri.edu

Abstract

Real-world fuel-based emission factors (EFs) from Caterpillar 797B diesel heavy haulers when used for oil sands mining operations were measured using an on-board portable emissions monitoring system. Average EFs (in g/kg fuel) for 16 separate tests on four trucks were 3150 ± 4 for CO₂, 2.51 ± 1.30 for CH₄, 10.28 ± 3.21 for CO, 0.61 ± 0.32 for non-methane hydrocarbons, 55.49 ± 9.75 for NO_x (reported as NO₂), 0.70 ± 0.17 for PM_2.5 (mass of particles with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm), and 0.34 ± 0.05 for black carbon (BC). Ultrafine particle numbers averaged (4.7 ± 4.1) × 10¹⁵ particles/kg fuel. Fuel-based EFs of NO, NO₂, and particle numbers were higher during idling, whereas PM_2.5 and BC EFs were higher during traveling without a load. A comparison of emissions with those reported by oil sands facilities showed large variations, both among the facilities and between the reported emissions and the real-world measurements.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Heavy hauler; Emission; Nonroad; Portable emissions measurement system; Mining; Oil sands